Duty cycle independent real time dynamic programming implementation for hybrid systems controls optimization

ABSTRACT

Predicted environment conditions are received for time steps within a prediction horizon N. Information is accessed regarding expected system responses generated by a system model, each expected system response related to a different combination of control parameters and starting environment conditions applied to the model. 
     An optimal response is designated for each combination of starting environment conditions for each time step from time step N- 1  to the current time step based in part on the expected system response and the predicted environment conditions, each optimal response in a time step based at least in part on an optimal response determined for a later time step. 
     For the current time step, for starting environment conditions substantially similar to the current environment conditions, the combination of control parameters that results in the system response designated as the optimal response is determined from the expected system responses and is applied to the system.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims benefit to U.S. provisional application61/416,549 filed Nov. 23, 2010, the contents of which is incorporatedherein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

A system may be subject to multiple factors that influence the system,causing control of the system to be difficult. It is desirable that themultiple factors be taken into consideration when calculating controlparameters such that system operation is stable and meets performancerequirements. However, the computational resources allocated to thesystem may be incapable of considering enough of the influencing factorsnecessary to meet stability and performance requirements duringoperation.

One option for overcoming the issue of limited computational resourcesis to allocate additional resources. However, this option may beprohibitively expensive in terms of space, weight, or price, forexample. Additionally, computational resources may not exist that arefast enough to react for systems in which the conditions or state of thesystem change rapidly, or for systems in which it is necessary to havethe ability to rapidly change control parameters. Thus, simply addingmore computational resources to the system may be insufficient.

Many systems with limited computational resources address the issue bydesigning the system for a certain set of expected conditions. However,if actual conditions are not as expected, system stability and/orperformance may suffer. Thus it is preferable to have the capability tooptimize control for stability and performance during system operation.

A solution for optimizing control during system operation withoutoverburdening system computational resources reduces the number ofcalculations required during system operation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system for substantially real-timecontrol during system operation.

FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary mapping of a set X of environmentconditions onto a set Y of environment conditions when a configurationof control parameters is applied to a model of a system.

FIG. 2B illustrates an exemplary set of conditions X with one conditionx1 that has one state m1, and a control parameter with one state.

FIG. 2C illustrates an exemplary set of conditions X with one conditionx1 that has one state m1, and a control parameter with two states.

FIG. 2D illustrates an exemplary set of conditions X with one conditionx1 that has two states m1 and m2, and a single control parameter withtwo states a1 and a2.

FIG. 2E illustrates an exemplary set of conditions X including multipleconditions.

FIG. 3A illustrates exemplary second stage calculations.

FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary two-dimensional grid X representing twostates each for two environmental conditions x1 and x2 and amulti-dimensional grid Y representing multiple states each for twoenvironmental conditions y1 and y2.

FIG. 3C illustrates exemplary information that may be stored for oneexemplary set Z of optimal paths.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary determination of a set Z of optimalpaths for time step N-2.

FIG. 5A illustrates exemplary speed states, time steps, and speed statepredictions on a graph in which the horizontal axis represents time andthe vertical axis represents speed.

FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary portion of the calculations performedat time step t2 based on the predicted speed for time step t3.

FIG. 5C illustrates an exemplary set of optimal paths for speed statesS1-S5 at time step t2.

FIG. 5D illustrates exemplary calculations performed at time step t1using optimal paths from time step t2.

FIG. 5E illustrates an exemplary set of optimal paths for speed statesS1-S5 at time step t1.

FIG. 5F illustrates exemplary calculations performed at time step t0using optimal paths from time step t1.

FIG. 5G illustrates an exemplary optimal path trajectory for time stepto.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary process for calculating expected systemresponse related to structural influences.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary process for calculating optimal pathsfor a time step N-1 for a predicted time horizon N.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary process for calculating optimal pathsfor time steps prior to time step N-1 for a predicted time horizon N.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A system may be described in terms of system environment, systemcontrol, and system response. System environment may include a set ofenvironment conditions each with at least one state. System control mayinclude a set of control parameters each with at least one state. Eachconfiguration of control parameters applied to the system may cause asystem response. The system response may cause the system environmentconditions to change.

System response is influenced by many factors. In many systems,influences may be divided into two groups: influences related to thestructure of the system and influences related to the environment of thesystem during operation. System response due to inherent structuralinfluences may be calculated during system development, leaving only thesystem response related to environmental influences to calculate duringsystem operation. Thus, the system computational resources may beminimized by not requiring the structural influences to be consideredduring system operation.

During development, the system structure may be modeled to aid in thecalculation of the structural influences on system response. A model maybe, for example, a computer model or a set of equations. The systemmodel is supplied with starting environment conditions and controlparameters. The model provides an expected structural response for thesupplied starting conditions and control parameters. The model may usethe expected structural response to provide expected ending environmentconditions.

In a comprehensive analysis, each possible combination of environmentconditions and control parameters may be supplied in turn to the model.A forward mapping may be made from the analysis including all startingenvironment conditions mapped to their ending environment conditions asfunctions of the control parameters. A forward mapping may includeadditionally or alternatively expected trajectories for the environmentconditions based on the structural responses. A reverse mapping may usethe information of the forward mapping to map each ending environmentcondition to possible starting environment conditions along with theirassociated functions of control parameters.

During operation, environmental influences on the system response may becalculated for the current environment conditions for each possiblecombination of control parameters. The current environmental influencesmay be combined with the structural influences calculated duringdevelopment to determine a set of control parameters to apply that areexpected to result in an optimized system response.

For a system that includes a prediction mechanism that predicts expectedconditions for each step in a sequence out to a prediction horizon, theset of control parameters to apply at the current time may be determinedusing a backwards recursive method for determining optimized systemresponses. The recursion begins at the last step of the sequence to findan optimization and proceeds to the current time. At each step, theresults of the previous step are used in the optimization.

In one illustrative example, a prediction mechanism provides a predicteddrive cycle for a hybrid vehicle including an engine and a motor. Thepredicted drive cycle in this example may describe the expected speedthat a driver will want for each of the next several time intervals,where speed is an environment of the system. The hybrid vehicle of theexample may be modeled during development to determine the structuralinfluences on system response. System response due to structuralinfluences may include the amount of fuel required by the engine toincrease speed from a first speed to a second speed, which is dependenton vehicle design factors. During vehicle operation, starting at theprediction horizon and calculating recursively back, a computationmechanism of the hybrid vehicle calculates optimized controls for eachtime interval. Controls may include, for example, engine torque andmotor torque signals. Optimization may be for fuel efficiency,drivability, emissions, etc.

As illustrated by the previous example, optimization calculations may beperformed in two stages, one stage during system development and onestage during system operation.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system 100 for substantially real-timecontrol during system operation using information calculated duringdevelopment. System 100 optionally receives from an input mechanism 110requests 115. System 100 further optionally provides outputs 120 toother systems not shown.

System 100 represents any group of component parts that together performa function or a set of functions. Thus, system 100 may representmechanical systems, electrical systems, or biological systems, to namejust a few examples.

System 100 may represent very small systems such as a surgical cameraand tool encapsulated and swallowed for medical diagnosis and repair.System 100 may represent very large systems, such as an agriculturalsystem or a satellite network. System 100 is any system that may bemodeled.

Input mechanism 110 represents a capability to make requests 115 uponsystem 100 to perform one or more of its functions, to alter itsperformance, or to stop performing one or more of its functions.

In some implementations input mechanism 110 may represent ahuman-machine interface. One example of a human-machine interface is anelectrical system in which input mechanism 110 includes one or more of akeyboard, mouse, microphone, or other device that allows a human toenter instructions into a computing device. As another example of ahuman-machine interface, input mechanism 110 may include a mechanicallever mechanism like an accelerator pedal for adjusting performance andkeys or press-buttons or the like for starting and stopping operation.

In some implementations input mechanism 110 may represent an automatedinterface, such as instructions programmed into a computing device forissuing requests 115 at certain times or under certain conditions, orphysical structures in a mechanical device that respond to changes inthe environment by making physical contact with system 100. An automatedinterface may include the environment itself, such as vibration appliedto system 100.

In some implementations there is no input mechanism 110, such thatsystem 100 operates in a self-contained mode to perform itsfunctionality.

Requests 115 may be received in many different forms as appropriate forcommunicating from input mechanism 110 to system 100, as seen from theexamples above.

One example of a system 100 discussed in detail below is a power sourcefor a hybrid vehicle, wherein the function of system 100 is to move thevehicle in response to requests 115 from a driver such as requests 115for acceleration or deceleration. In this example, system 100 may be oneof multiple systems 100 controlling the vehicle. Other systems 100 inthe vehicle may include functionality for regenerative braking,steering, climate control, battery monitoring, etc.

Outputs 120 represent optional information provided by system 100.Outputs 120 may be, for example, control information or signals, statusinformation, mechanical forces, chemicals, cell growth, crops, or anyother output that system 100 is capable of producing.

System 100 includes an environment monitor 125, a prediction mechanism130, a computation mechanism 135, a data store 140, mapping information145, and a control mechanism 150.

Environment monitor 125 collects knowledge of the current environmentconditions of system 100. Environment conditions may include internalconditions of system 100 such as speed, device status and health, devicetemperature, control parameter state, position, trajectory, yaw, pitch,roll, acceleration and deceleration, height, weight, growth rate,expansion, conversion step, etc. Environment conditions may also includephysical environment conditions such as air temperature, atmosphericpressure, air particulate counts, relative air humidity, chemicalcomposition of the environment, etc.

The term “current” in “current environment conditions” indicates arelative value. For systems in which the environment changes veryslowly, for example the temperature of the polar ice cap, “current” mayrefer to information collected days or weeks prior. For systems in whichthe environment changes very rapidly, for example the position of aspacecraft, “current” may refer to information collected in the lastmilliseconds. In some implementations, environment monitor 125 mayretain history or trend information.

Prediction mechanism 130 generates predictions for environmentconditions based, for example, on one or more of knowledge of currentenvironment conditions from environment monitor 125, informationreceived in requests 115, trend or history information, and storedpredictions. As one example, a prediction may be that in ten seconds thedriver will be approaching a stop sign based on current vehicle speed,the force applied by a driver to an accelerator pedal, and the drivecycle information from the previous thirty seconds. In another example,based on a person's age, current assets, current income, and spendinghistory, a prediction may be that the person will retire in 12 years andexpect to have four million dollars in the bank at retirement.

Computation mechanism 135 represents computational facilities for usinginformation from environment monitor 125, prediction mechanism 130, andrequests 115 to generate controls for system 100. In manyimplementations, computation mechanism 135 represents a computingdevice. In other implementations, computation mechanism 135 mayrepresent, for example, mechanical structures or neural networks.

In general, computing systems and/or devices may employ any of a numberof well-known computer operating systems, including, but by no meanslimited to, known versions and/or varieties of the Microsoft Windows®operating system, the Unix operating system (e.g., the Solaris®operating system distributed by Sun Microsystems of Menlo Park, Calif.),the AIX UNIX operating system distributed by International BusinessMachines of Armonk, N.Y., and the Linux operating system. Examples ofcomputing devices include, without limitation, a computer workstation, aserver, a desktop, notebook, laptop, or handheld computer, an electroniccontrol unit in a vehicle, or some other known computing system and/ordevice.

Computing devices generally include computer-executable instructions,where the instructions may be executable by one or more computingdevices such as those listed above. Computer-executable instructions maybe compiled or interpreted from computer programs created using avariety of well-known programming languages and/or technologies,including, without limitation, and either alone or in combination,Java™, C, C++, Visual Basic, Java Script, Perl, etc. In general, aprocessor (e.g., a microprocessor) receives instructions, e.g., from amemory, a computer-readable medium, etc., and executes theseinstructions, thereby performing one or more processes, including one ormore of the processes described herein. Such instructions and other datamay be stored and transmitted using a variety of known computer-readablemedia.

A computer-readable medium (also referred to as a processor-readablemedium) includes any non-transitory (e.g., tangible) medium thatparticipates in providing data (e.g., instructions) that may be read bya computer (e.g., by a processor of a computer). Such a medium may takemany forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media andvolatile media. Non-volatile media may include, for example, optical ormagnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media may include,for example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typicallyconstitutes a main memory. Such instructions may be transmitted by oneor more transmission media, including coaxial cables, copper wire andfiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled toa processor of a computer. Common forms of computer-readable mediainclude, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk,magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any otheroptical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium withpatterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any othermemory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer canread.

Data store 140 may include information stored by and/or used byenvironment monitor 125, prediction mechanism 130, computation mechanism135, control mechanism 150, and/or any other components of system 100.

Databases, data repositories or other data stores described herein mayinclude various kinds of mechanisms for storing, accessing, andretrieving various kinds of data, including a hierarchical database, aset of files in a file system, an application database in a proprietaryformat, a relational database management system (RDBMS), etc. Each suchdata store is generally included within a computing device employing acomputer operating system such as one of those mentioned above, and areaccessed via a network in any one or more of a variety of manners, as isknown. A file system may be accessible from a computer operating system,and may include files stored in various formats. An RDBMS generallyemploys the known Structured Query Language (SQL) in addition to alanguage for creating, storing, editing, and executing storedprocedures, such as the PL/SQL language mentioned above.

In some examples, system elements may be implemented ascomputer-readable instructions (e.g., software) on one or more computingdevices (e.g., servers, personal computers, etc.), stored on computerreadable media associated therewith (e.g., disks, memories, etc.). Acomputer program product may comprise such instructions stored oncomputer readable media for carrying out the functions described herein.

Data store 140 includes mapping information 145.

Mapping information 145 is a description of the relationship betweenenvironment conditions and control parameters of control mechanism 150.For example, a description of the relationship may include the effectthat each combination of control parameters is expected to have giventhe environment conditions. Mapping information 145 is discussed indetail below. Computation mechanism 135 may use mapping information 145in combination with predictions from prediction mechanism 130 andenvironment conditions from environment monitor 125 to determine controlparameters for control mechanism 150, as is described in detail below.

System 100 further includes a control mechanism 150 for controllingsystem 100. Control mechanism 150 may include multiple components incommunication with each other, either by physically exerting force on orotherwise influencing each other, or by exchanging information with eachother. Thus, control mechanism 150 may include many forms of control. Afew representative illustrative examples of control include applyingtorque to wheels, using hydraulic, electric, kinetic, spring, ormagnetic energy to apply force to a component, applying water to crops,adding chemicals to a compound, introducing medication to an intravenousdrip, and adjusting ailerons of an airplane wing.

In sum, environment monitor 125 gathers environment conditions,prediction mechanism 130 makes predictions based on the environmentconditions and/or other information, and computation mechanism 135 usesthe environment conditions, the predictions, and/or other information todetermine control parameters.

As discussed, for substantially real-time control of a system 100 withinfluences that may be divided into structural influences andenvironmental influences, heuristics may be divided into two stages. Thefirst stage is a mapping related to structural influences, performedduring development of system 100. The second stage is a mapping relatedto environmental influences and an optimization, performed during system100 operation. FIGS. 2A-2E illustrate mapping at a simple level tointroduce the concept and the terminology of the first stage.

FIG. 2A illustrates the mapping of a set X of environment conditionsonto a set Y of environment conditions when a configuration of controlparameters is applied to a model of a system 100. Set X and set Y mayinclude the same environment conditions, but in some implementations mayinclude different environment conditions. Further, one set X or Y may bea subset of the other. An environment condition in set X or Y may becontinuous such that there are infinite states for the condition, or maybe discrete such that are a finite number of states for the condition.

FIG. 2B illustrates a set of conditions X with one condition x1 that hasonly one state m1. A single control parameter with one state a1 isapplied to the model. The structural system response causes environmentcondition p1, where p1 represents a state of a condition y in the set ofconditions Y. Thus, x1 state m1 maps to p1 when a1 is applied. Thefunction u(m1, a1) represents the cost of the associated systemresponse.

FIG. 2C illustrates a set of conditions X with one condition x1 that hasonly one state m1. A single control parameter has two states a1 and a2.Control parameter state a1 is applied to the model with initialcondition m1, resulting in a structural system response that causesenvironment condition p1, where p1 represents a state of a condition yin the set of conditions Y. Control parameter state a2 is applied to themodel with initial condition m1, resulting in a structural systemresponse that causes environment condition p2, where p2 representsanother state of condition y in the set of conditions Y. Thus, controlparameter states a1 and a2 map m1 to p1 or p2, respectively. Thefunctions u(m1, a1) and u(m1, a2) represent the cost of each associatedsystem response.

FIG. 2D illustrates a set of conditions X with one condition x1 that hastwo states m1 and m2, and a single control parameter with two states a1and a2. The environment condition x1 is set to m1 and control parameterstate a1 is applied to the model, resulting in a structural systemresponse that causes environment condition p1. The control parameterstate a2 is then applied to the model with initial condition m1,resulting in a structural system response that causes environmentcondition p2. The environment condition x1 is then set to m2 and controlparameter state a1 is applied to the model, resulting in a structuralsystem response that causes environment condition p3. The controlparameter state a2 is applied to the model with initial condition m2,resulting in a structural system response that causes environmentcondition p4. In this example, p1, p2, p3, and p4 represent states of acondition y in the set of conditions Y. The mapping of set X to set Y isillustrated in FIG. 2D. The functions u(m1, a1), u(m1, a2), u(m2, a1),and u(m2, a2) represent the cost of each associated system response.

FIGS. 2B-2D illustrated simple mapping of one condition x1 with onestate m1 or two states m1, m2 to one condition y with at least onestates p1, p2, p3, p4. In other implementations, one condition x1 maymap to multiple conditions y in the set of conditions Y. Further, in yetother implementations, multiple conditions x may map to multipleconditions y.

FIG. 2E illustrates increasing complexity as set X includes additionalenvironment conditions. In this example, set X includes two conditions,x1 and x2. Control parameters are applied to the model, resulting insystem responses that map x1 and x2 to multiple conditions or conditionstates in set Y. Clearly, increasing any of the number of conditions xin the set of conditions X, the number of conditions y in the set ofconditions Y, and/or the number of states of any of the conditions x ory increases the complexity of the calculations.

More complexity generally requires more computational resources. Thus,it is desirable to perform as much of the calculation as possible duringdevelopment when adequate computational resources may be readilyavailable in an optimal computational environment. Further, computationperformed during system development does not generally require real-timecalculation. In contrast, computation performed during system operationmay require substantially real-time calculation to adequately providesystem control.

In each of the examples of FIGS. 2B-2E, conditions x of set X arediscrete values. The discrete values for x may map to infinite values yin set Y. The example illustrated in FIG. 2E shows that set Y may bediscretized, such that each value for y may be mapped to a discretevalue close to the calculated value.

A hybrid vehicle control system provides an illustrative example ofmapping in which there are two power sources, for example an internalcombustion engine and an electric motor. The hybrid vehicle environmentmay include the condition rate of change of speed, which may have aninfinite number of states. The hybrid vehicle control parameters mayinclude engine torque, which may have an infinite number of states. Tosimplify this example, speed rate of change is limited to the two states<acceleration> and <deceleration>, and engine torque is limited to thetwo states <increase torque> and <decrease torque>.

Continuing with the hybrid vehicle example, a model of the system may besupplied with the initial condition state <acceleration>, and theparameter state <increase torque>. The model provides an expected systemresponse that leads to the expected ending environment condition state<acceleration>. A forward mapping of this result may appear as[<acceleration>; <increase torque>→<acceleration>]. Following the sameprocess for each other configuration of environment conditions andparameters, a complete forward mapping of the system may appear as shownin (1)-(4):

[<acceleration>;<increase torque>→<acceleration>]  (1)

[<acceleration>;<decrease torque>→<deceleration>]  (2)

[<deceleration>;<increase torque>→<acceleration>]  (3)

[<deceleration>;<decrease torque>→<deceleration>]  (4)

In some implementations, a reverse mapping may be used in optimizationcalculations. A reverse mapping may be made from the forward mapping byfinding for each ending environment condition state the startingenvironment condition state and the corresponding control parameterstate. For example, <acceleration> appears as an ending state in (1) and(3). Thus, a reverse mapping for <acceleration> would map to thestarting condition states and the parameters of (1) and (3). A reversemapping of the system may appear as shown in (5) and (6):

[<acceleration>←<acceleration>;<increasetorque>OR<deceleration>;<increase torque>]  (5)

[<deceleration>←<acceleration>;<decreasetorque>OR<deceleration>;<decrease torque>]  (6)

At the end of the first stage, during development, there is at least onemapping describing at least in part the structural influences on systemresponse. The mapping or mappings may be stored as mapping information145 in data store 140. In the second stage, during system operation,environmental influences on system response are mapped in a mannersimilar to the mapping described above. The second stage mapping and thefirst stage mapping are then used to determine an optimized set ofcontrol parameters to apply.

FIG. 3A illustrates second stage calculations with a simple example of asystem including a single environment condition x1 with two states m1and m2, and a single control parameter with two states a1 and a2, asdescribed with respect to FIG. 2D. During system operation the state m1or m2 of condition x1 is known. The costs u(m1, a1), u(m1, a2), u(m2,a1), and u(m2, a2) are known from the first stage mapping. Given adesired environment condition end state q, an optimal control parameterstate may be determined to result in that end state.

In this example, if condition x1 is in state m1, the cost of applyingthe control parameter is either u(m1, a1) or u(m1, a2) and the endingenvironment condition state is p1 or p2, respectively. State p1 is adistance r1 from desired end state q and there is an error cost v(p1,r1) associated with p1 being distance r1 from q. A total cost forapplying control parameter state a1 with initial condition state m1includes the stage 1 cost u(m1, a1) plus the error cost v(p1, r1), asillustrated in equation (7). State p2 is a distance r2 from desired endstate q and there is an error cost v(p2, r2) associated with p2 beingdistance r2 from q. A total cost for applying control parameter state a2with initial condition state m1 includes the stage 1 cost u(m1, a2) plusthe error cost v(p2, r2), as illustrated in equation (8).

TotalCost(m1,a1)=u(m1,a1)+v(p1,r1)  (7)

TotalCost(m1,a2)=u(m1,a2)+v(p2,r2)  (8)

TotalCost( ) may be a weighted sum of u( ) and v( ) as illustrated inequations (9) and (10), where variables b and c are weighting factors.

TotalCost(m1,a1)=b*u(m1,a1)+c*v(p1,r1)  (9)

TotalCost(m1,a2)=b*u(m1,a2)+c*v(p2,r2)  (10)

In the example of FIG. 3A, an optimization calculation may be to findthe minimum of TotalCost(m1, a1) and TotalCost(m1, a2), as illustratedin equation (11). The optimization represents the lowest cost forstarting from condition x1 state m1 and ending at state q.

Opt(m1,q)=min[TotalCost(m1,a1) and TotalCost(m1,a2)]  (11)

The error cost v(p, r) associated with calculated condition state pbeing a distance r from desired condition state q may be retrieved froma table of costs or calculated from a cost equation. In someimplementations, the error cost v(p, r) may be solely a function ofdistance r. In other implementations, the error cost v(p, r) may be afunction of distance r and condition state p. An example of a system 100is a vehicle in which p represents speed, r represents the differencebetween speed p and desired speed q, and error cost v(p, r) representsdriver irritation that may be caused due the vehicle being faster orslower than desired. In this example, driver irritation may be more atlow speeds than it would be at high speeds for the same difference inspeed, and optimization as described by equation (11) may includeminimizing driver irritation. Another error cost v(p, r) for the vehicleof the example may be additional fuel required to increase the speed tomeet the desired speed q, and optimization may include maximizing fuelefficiency. As indicated by this example, there may be multiple costsv(p, r) for a system 100. Optimization may be performed for one or morecosts.

It may be desirable to determine an optimization for the desired endstate q over every combination of control parameters and startingenvironment conditions.

FIG. 3B illustrates a two-dimensional grid X representing two stateseach for two environmental conditions x1 and x2 and a multi-dimensionalgrid Y representing multiple states each for two environmentalconditions y1 and y2. FIG. 3B represents a continuous mapping onto gridY. As mentioned above, however, during the first stage mapping, points pmay be mapped to the closest discrete point on grid Y.

A desired end point q is shown on grid Y. As illustrated, the startingconditions are x1 state m2 and condition x2 state m2. With thesestarting conditions, each control parameter state applied causes asystem response leading to a point p on grid Y according to the stage 1mappings. As illustrated in FIG. 3B, more than one combination ofcontrol parameters may result in mapping to a point p on grid Y. Alsoillustrated in FIG. 3B is that some combinations of control parametersresult in mapping to a point /p that is outside the acceptable limitsfor conditions p as represented by the grid Y.

Each system response has an associated cost function u( ) as determinedin stage 1 and an error cost v( ) as calculated in stage 2 from thedifference r between point p and desired end point q. A TotalCost isdetermined for each path from the starting conditions to point q in GridY, where each path relates to one combination of control parameters.TotalCost is calculated based at least on cost functions u( ) and v( )An optimal path is determined from the set of paths based on theTotalCost of each path, for example by selecting the path with theminimum TotalCost. Thus, each gridpoint of Grid X representing startingconditions for system 100 is associated with an optimal path to desiredend point q. The optimal paths for each gridpoint of Grid X may bestored. For example, the starting environment conditions of Grid Xassociated with the optimal path, the control parameters applied toachieve the optimal path, the end point on grid Y for the optimal path,and the TotalCost associated with the optimal path may be stored for usein further calculations.

FIG. 3C illustrates information that may be stored for one exemplary setZ of optimal paths. In this example, for each gridpoint of Grid X thetrajectory of the system response related to the optimal path for thatgridpoint is stored. The trajectory end point, the minimum TotalCost,and the control parameters of the optimal path may also be stored asmentioned above.

The example illustrated in FIGS. 3B and 3C describes determining anoptimal path to reach a desired end point q, where end point q is thedesired next state for system 100. In some systems 100, a predictionmechanism 130 predicts the desired states q for multiple times in thefuture out to a time N. In such systems 100, a set Z1 of optimal pathsare determined at time N-1 for each gridpoint of Grid X as describedabove. The set Z1 of optimal paths at time N-1 are used in thecalculation of a set Z2 of optimal paths at time N-2, and so on back tothe current time. Thus, the optimal path calculation is used recursivelyto determine the controls to apply to system 100 at the starting time.

FIG. 4 illustrates the determination of one optimal path of a set ofoptimal paths originating at time step N-2. The determination includesheuristics at time step N-1 and then at time step N-2. In particular,the heuristics include the use of a set Z of optimal paths originatingin time step N-1 in determining a set of optimal paths originating intime step N-2.

For time step N-1:

A set Z of optimal paths originating from the gridpoints of Grid E andterminating at Grid F at time step N is calculated, as described above.The set Z of optimal paths may include an optimal path for eachgridpoint of Grid E. Two optimal paths in the set Z of optimal paths fortime N-1 is illustrated in FIG. 4. Each optimal path has an associatedTotalCost as described above. For ease of the following discussion ofFIG. 4, the TotalCost previously calculated for an optimal path for agridpoint of Grid E is referred to as OptTotalCost.

For time step N-2:

As a first step, Grid D is related to Grids E and F. In someimplementations, Grids D, E, and F represent the same environmentalconditions and states and may have direct gridpoint to gridpointrelationships. In other implementations other relationships may apply.For ease of discussion, the Grids D, E, and F have a direct gridpoint togridpoint relationship in the following discussions. Thus, for example,a point h on Grid E (not shown) represents the same environmentconditions as a corresponding point h on Grids D and F (not shown).

In a next step, at each gridpoint on Grid D representing the environmentconditions at time step N-2, TotalCost is calculated as described abovefor each combination of control parameters. TotalCost is based on atleast a first stage cost function u( ) to reach a point j mapped ontoGrid E and a second stage error cost function v( ) for the differencebetween j and desired end point k on Grid E.

In a next step, for each point mapped onto Grid E in the previous step,for example, points j1 and j2 in FIG. 4, the optimal path originatingfrom the starting conditions represented by the mapped point is recalledfrom the calculations of time step N-1. For example, OptTotalCost forthe optimal path originating from points j1 and j2 is read from amemory.

In a next step, recursive total RecTotalCost is calculated by adding therecalled OptTotalCost from time step N-1 to TotalCost calculated at timestep N-2 for the system response related to the applied controlparameters. For example, RecTotalCost for point j1 is calculated byadding OptTotalCost for j1 at time step N-1 to TotalCost determined forthe combination of control parameters and environment conditions at timestep N-2 resulting in the environment conditions at point j1 in timestep N-1. RecTotalCost thus represents the entire expected cost for onepath starting at a given set of environment conditions at time step N-2and ending with a set of environment conditions at time step N,including error costs related to the predicted conditions for time stepsN and N-1. The bold lines in FIG. 4 indicate the components ofRecTotalCost including error cost.

For each gridpoint, an optimal recursive path is determined based atleast in part on the RecTotalCost related to each combination of controlparameters applied at time step N-2. The optimal recursive pathindicates the control parameters to apply at time step N-2.

An optimal recursive path for time step N-3 may be determined by addingRecTotalCost determined for time step N-2 to TotalCost for time stepN-3. In the same manner, optimal recursive paths may be determined ateach time step backwards to the current time. The number of time stepsis limited by available computational resources.

If optimal recursive paths are calculated back to the current time, thencontrol parameters to apply at the current time may be determined thatare calculated to result in an optimized path to a predicted environmentat time step N. Of course, many factors may influence the actual systemresponse and therefore calculations may be performed again as actualsystem response is known to adjust for influences not included in theoptimization heuristic.

FIGS. 5A-5G provide an illustrative example for determining the enginetorque to apply based in part on a prediction for the desired speed of avehicle in the next three time steps. In this example, the singleenvironment condition is speed with six states S0, S1, S2, S3, S4, andS5. The single control parameter is engine torque with three states. Aprediction mechanism 130 has provided speed predictions j1=S1, j2=S2,and j3=S5 for the future time steps t1, t2, and t3, respectively. Thevehicle is currently at speed state S0. In the example of FIGS. 5A-5G,the information calculated during development regarding system responsedue to structural influences is available. Specifically in this example,cost and trajectory of the system response are available.

FIG. 5A illustrates the speed states, the time steps, and thepredictions on a graph in which the horizontal axis represents time andthe vertical axis represents speed. The time steps along the time axismay be spaced equally as illustrated or unequally, and the timedifference between time steps may be small or large. The speed statesalong the speed axis may be spaced equally as illustrated or unequally,and the speed difference between speed states may be small or large.

FIG. 5B illustrates a portion of the calculations performed at time stept2 based on the predicted speed for time step t3. Only calculationsrelated to speed state S3 are shown, however calculations may beperformed in similar fashion for each other time step. For a first stateof the engine torque states, the system response calculated duringdevelopment for speed S3 and the engine torque state 1 is retrieved, forexample, read from memory. The trajectory of the system responsestarting at speed S3 and applying engine torque state 1 is shown in FIG.5B as S3_1. Where the trajectory S3_1 meets the vertical axis at timestep t3 is the expected speed when starting speed is S3 and enginetorque state 1 is applied at time step t2. The expected speed may beretrieved as part of the system response or may be calculated duringoperation.

The difference between the expected speed and the predicted speed j3=S5is calculated, resulting in difference r1. An error cost is determinedfrom r1. The error cost is added to the cost of trajectory S3_1calculated during development to determine a total cost for trajectoryS3_1 for predicted speed j3.

In some implementations, there is a terminal cost associated with timestep N which is included in the total cost. Thus, for the example ofFIG. 5B, there may be a terminal cost associated with each gridpoint attime step t3. To illustrate, trajectory S3_1 meets the vertical axis attime step t3 at an endpoint of the trajectory. A heuristic may selectone of the speed states at time step t3 near the endpoint of thetrajectory, and add the terminal cost associated with that selectedspeed state to the total cost of the trajectory. Alternatively, anheuristic may interpolate a terminal cost from the terminal costsassociated with the speed states above and below the end point oftrajectory S3_1 and add the interpolated terminal cost to the total costof the trajectory.

For a second state of the engine torque states, expected speed at timestep t3 is calculated from trajectory S3_2, an error cost is calculatedfrom the difference r2 between expected speed and predicted speed j3,and a total cost for trajectory S3_2 is calculated from the error costand the cost of trajectory S3_2.

For a third state of the engine torque states, expected speed at timestep t3 is calculated from trajectory S3_3, an error cost is calculatedfrom the difference r3 between expected speed and predicted speed j3,and a total cost for trajectory S3_3 is calculated from the error costand the cost of trajectory S3_3.

The minimum total cost for each of trajectories S3_1, S3_2, and S3_3 isthen determined. In FIG. 5B, the minimum is the total cost of the systemresponse cost of trajectory S3_1 plus the error cost associated with r1,thus S3_1 and r1 are highlighted in bold. S3_1 is designated as theoptimal path from speed S3 at time step t2 for predicted speed j3 attime step t3.

Optimal paths may be determined for one or more of the remaining speedstates S0, S1, S2, S4, and S5 in the manner described for speed stateS3. Information regarding the optimal paths may be stored. For example,the trajectory, the end point of the trajectory, the engine torquestate, and the total cost of the trajectory may be stored.

FIG. 5C illustrates exemplary optimal paths for speed states S1-S5 attime step t2, including the optimal path S3_1 determined above.

FIG. 5D illustrates the calculations performed at time step t1 using theoptimal paths illustrated in FIG. 5C. The calculations are illustratedfor speed state S3. As described above, a total cost for trajectory S3_1is calculated. However, in this calculation, the difference r1represents the difference between the expected speed at time step t2 fortrajectory S3_1 and the predicted speed j2 at time step t2.

A recursive total cost for trajectory S3_1 is then calculated byselecting the optimal path originating from the speed state nearest theexpected speed for S3_1 at time step t2 and adding the optimal pathtotal cost to the total cost for trajectory S3_1. In a similar manner, arecursive total cost is calculated for trajectory S3_2 and trajectoryS3_3.

The minimum recursive total cost is calculated. In FIG. 5D, the minimumrecursive total cost was calculated as the recursive total cost fortrajectory S3_2 as indicated by the bold lines. The recursive total costfor trajectory S3_2 includes the cost of the system response fortrajectory S3_2, the error cost related to difference r2, and theoptimal path originating from speed S3 at time t2. Thus, trajectory S3_2is selected as the optimal path from speed S3 at time step t1 forpredicted speed j2 at time step 2.

Optimal paths may be determined for one or more of the remaining speedstates S0, S1, S2, S4, and S5 in the manner described for speed stateS3. Information regarding the optimal paths may be stored.

FIG. 5E illustrates optimal paths for speed states S1-S5 at time stept1, including the optimal path S3_2 determined above.

FIG. 5F illustrates the calculations performed at time step t0 using theoptimal paths illustrated in FIG. 5E. The calculations are performed forcurrent speed state S0 only. A total cost for trajectory S0_1 iscalculated for engine torque state 1. The difference r1 represents thedifference between the expected speed at time step t1 for trajectoryS0_1 and the predicted speed j1 at time step t1.

A recursive total cost for trajectory S0_1 is then calculated byselecting the optimal path originating from the speed state nearest theexpected speed for S0_1 at time step t1 and adding the optimal pathtotal cost to the total cost for trajectory S0_1. In someimplementations, a heuristic interpolates between optimal path totalcosts for speed states near the expected speed, and the interpolatedoptimal cost is added to the total cost.

In a similar manner, a recursive total cost is calculated for trajectoryS0_2 and trajectory S0_3.

The minimum recursive total cost is calculated. In FIG. 5F, the minimumrecursive total cost was calculated as the recursive total cost fortrajectory S0_2 as indicated by the bold lines. The recursive total costfor trajectory S0_2 includes the cost of the system response fortrajectory S0_2, the error cost related to difference r2, and theoptimal path originating from speed S1 at time t1. Thus, trajectory S0_2is selected as the optimal path from current speed S0 at time step t0for predicted speed j1 at time step t1.

FIG. 5G illustrates optimal path trajectory S0_2, representing theexpected system response of applying engine torque state 2 at currenttime t0 with starting speed S0. Thus, the control parameter to beapplied at the current time is engine torque state 2 for optimizedperformance in reaching predicted speeds j1, j2, and j3 at time stepst1, t2, and t3, respectively.

The example of FIGS. 5A-5G considered speed with six speed states as theonly environment condition, and engine torque with three states as theonly control parameter. Vehicle control systems, and systems 100 ingeneral, may consider a large number of environment conditions andcontrol parameters, each with many states. To reduce the number ofcalculations required at each time step, the calculations may be limitedto certain condition states or certain control parameter states. Forexample, if predicted speed at time step t5 is sixty miles per hour (60MPH), then calculations at time step t4 may be limited to the startingenvironment condition states in the range 55 MPH-65 MPH. As anotherexample, if battery charge is an environment condition and motor torqueis a control parameter, and if the state of battery charge indicates lowcharge at time t0, then calculations at time step t4 may be limited tomotor torque states representing low applied torque.

Described above is the calculation of control parameters to apply basedon current environment conditions and predicted environment conditions.FIGS. 6-8 illustrate exemplary processes for determining controlparameters to apply at the current time step to achieve optimizedperformance for predicted time horizon N. Each time the predictionchanges, new control parameters may be determined.

FIG. 6 illustrates a process 600 for calculating expected systemresponse related to structural influences. Process 600 may be performedduring development in the first stage. Process 600 begins at block 605.

At block 605, the first combination of environment conditions is appliedto the model. At block 610, the first combination of control parametersis applied to the model.

At block 615, the expected system response related to structuralinfluences and the associated expected cost of the system response iscalculated using the model with starting conditions as applied at block605 and control parameters as applied at block 610.

At block 620, the trajectory of the expected system response isdetermined. At block 625, information regarding the trajectory and thecost of the system response is stored, for example in a memory.

At decision point 630, if there are more control parameter combinationsto consider for the starting conditions applied at block 605, process600 continues at block 635 to apply the next combination of controlparameters to the model, keeping the environment conditions as appliedat block 605. Process 600 then continues at block 615 to determineexpected system response for the environment conditions and controlparameters. If at decision point 630 there are no more control parametercombinations to consider for the starting conditions applied at block605, process 600 continues at decision point 640.

At decision point 640, if there are more environment conditioncombinations to consider, process 600 continues at block 645. At block645, the next combination of environment conditions are applied to themodel, and process 600 continues at block 610, calculating systemresponse for each combination of control parameters. If at decisionpoint 640 there are no more environment conditions to consider, process600 ends.

After process 600 is completed, trajectory information is stored foreach combination of environment conditions and control parametersconsidered. In some implementations of process 600, all possiblecombinations of environment conditions and control parameters areconsidered. In other implementations of process 600, only a subset ofall possible combinations of environment conditions and controlparameters is considered.

FIG. 7 illustrates a process 700 for calculating optimal paths for atime step N-1 for a predicted time horizon N. An optimal path at timestep N-1 is calculated for each combination of environment conditionsconsidered. Calculations are performed during the second stage, duringsystem 100 operation. Process 700 begins at block 705.

At block 705, prediction information is accessed, for example, is readfrom data store 140 or received from prediction mechanism 130.

At block 710, the time step is set to N-1.

At block 715, the first combination of environment conditions isapplied. For example, the first set of environment conditions is appliedto a model, or the first set of environment conditions is used as oneparameter for accessing a table or database or other storage.

At block 720, the variable MinCost is initialized to some large value.MinCost represents the lowest total cost of the system response costplus the error cost. As the total cost related to each system responsetrajectory is calculated, it is compared to MinCost and if it is lowerthan MinCost it is saved as MinCost, as described below.

At block 725, the first combination of control parameters is applied.For example, the first combination of control parameters is applied to amodel, or the first combination of control parameters is used anotherparameter for accessing a table or database or other storage.

At block 730, the system response cost calculated in the first stage forthe combination of environment conditions and control parameters isaccessed, for example, is read from data store 140.

At block 735, the second stage error cost is calculated from thedifference of the predicted environment conditions at time step N andthe expected environment conditions at time step N from the systemresponse trajectory.

At block 740, total cost is calculated for the system responsetrajectory by adding at least the second stage error cost and the firststage system response cost.

At decision point 745, if the total cost is less than the value ofMinCost, process 700 continues at 750.

At block 750, the total cost calculated at block 740 is saved asMinCost.

At block 755, information regarding the system response trajectory issaved, and the control parameters for the system response trajectory areidentified as the optimal parameters. Process 700 continues at decisionpoint 760. If at decision point 745, the total cost was not less thanthe value of MinCost, process 700 continues at decision point 760.

At decision point 760, if there are more control parameter combinationsto consider for the starting conditions applied at block 715, process700 continues at block 765 to apply the next combination of controlparameters to the model, keeping the environment conditions as appliedat block 715. Process 700 continues at block 730 to determine expectedsystem response for the environment conditions and control parameters.If at decision point 760 there are no more control parametercombinations to consider for the starting conditions applied at block715, process 700 continues at block 770.

At block 770, when all combinations of control parameters have beenconsidered for the environment conditions applied at block 715, MinCostis saved for the environment conditions for time step N-1. Informationregarding the trajectory associated with MinCost is also saved,including the control parameters applied.

At decision point 775, if there are more environment conditioncombinations to consider, process 700 continues at block 780. At block780, the next combination of environment conditions are applied to themodel, and process 700 continues at block 720, calculating systemresponse for each combination of control parameters. If at decisionpoint 775 there are no more environment conditions to consider, process700 ends.

After process 700 is completed, at least MinCost and optimal controlparameters are stored for each combination of environment conditionsconsidered. In some implementations of process 700, all possiblecombinations of environment conditions are considered. In otherimplementations of process 700, only a subset of all possiblecombinations of environment conditions is considered.

As mentioned above, in some implementations there is a terminal costassociated with some or all gridpoints at time step N such that totalcost, for example as calculated in block 740 above, includes a terminalcost component. In such implementations, calculation for time step N maybe similar to calculation for earlier time steps, as will be illustratedin the following discussion of FIG. 8.

FIG. 8 illustrates a process 800 for calculating optimal paths for timesteps prior to time step N-1 for a predicted time horizon N, usinginformation from time step N-1, for example as calculated in process700. For implementations in which there is a terminal cost associatedwith at least one gridpoint at time step N, FIG. 8 may also apply to thecalculations at time step N-1, in which case additional calculations fortime step N-1 may not be necessary. An optimal path is calculated foreach combination of environment conditions considered. Calculations areperformed during the second stage, during system 100 operation. Process800 begins at block 805.

At block 805, the time step is set to N-2.

At block 810, the first combination of environment conditions isapplied. For example, the first set of environment conditions is appliedto a model, or the first set of environment conditions is used as oneparameter for accessing a table or database or other storage.

At block 815, the variable RecMinCost is initialized to some largevalue. RecMinCost represents a recursive minimum cost, the lowest totalcost of the system response cost plus the error cost plus the MinCostfrom the next time step. For example, at time step N-2, MinCost may beas calculated in process 700 for time step N-1. As the total costrelated to each system response trajectory is calculated, it is comparedto RecMinCost and if it is lower than RecMinCost it is saved asRecMinCost, as described below.

At block 820, the first combination of control parameters is applied.For example, the first combination of control parameters is applied to amodel, or the first combination of control parameters is used anotherparameter for accessing a table or database or other storage.

At block 825, the system response cost calculated in the first stage forthe combination of environment conditions and control parameters isaccessed, for example, is read from data store 140.

At block 830, the trajectory for the applied combination of environmentconditions and control parameters is determined. For example, thetrajectory may be read or calculated from mapping information 145 indata store 140.

At block 835, the trajectory end point at the next time step isdetermined and the MinCost for the nearest environment gridpoint isaccessed. For example, when calculating at time step N-2, the trajectoryend point at time step N-1 is determined, the nearest discretecombination of environment conditions (e.g., gridpoints) at time stepN-1 is determined, and the MinCost for the nearest discrete combinationof environment conditions at time step N-1 is accessed. The MinCostaccessed was previously calculated for time step N-1, for example inprocess 700. For implementations in which there is a terminal costassociated with at least one gridpoint at time step N and process 800 isused for calculations at time step N-1, MinCost is replaced by terminalcost at time step N-1.

In some implementations, instead of selecting the nearest discretecombination of environment conditions to the trajectory end point, aheuristic interpolates between values of MinCost of discrete combinationof environment conditions (e.g., gridpoints) to the trajectory endpoint.

At block 840, the second stage error cost is calculated from thedifference of the predicted environment conditions at the next step andthe expected environment conditions at the next time step. For example,when calculating at time step N-2, the error cost is the difference ofthe predicted environment conditions for time step N-1 and thetrajectory end point at time step N-1.

At block 845, total cost is calculated for the system responsetrajectory by adding at least the second stage error cost, the firststage system response cost, and the MinCost accessed at block 835.

At decision point 850, if the total cost is less than the value ofRecMinCost, process 800 continues at 855.

At block 855, the total cost calculated at block 845 is saved asRecMinCost.

At block 860, information regarding the system response trajectory issaved, and the control parameters for the system response trajectory areidentified as the optimal parameters. Process 800 continues at decisionpoint 865. If at decision point 850, the total cost was not less thanthe value of RecMinCost, process 800 continues at decision point 865.

At decision point 865, if there are more control parameter combinationsto consider for the starting conditions applied at block 810, process800 continues at block 870 to apply the next combination of controlparameters to the model, keeping the environment conditions as appliedat block 810. Process 800 then continues at block 825. If at decisionpoint 865 there are no more control parameter combinations to considerfor the starting conditions applied at block 810, process 800 continuesat block 875.

At block 875, when all combinations of control parameters have beenconsidered for the environment conditions applied at block 810,RecMinCost is saved as MinCost for the environment conditions for thetime step under consideration. Information regarding the trajectoryassociated with RecMinCost is also saved, including the controlparameters applied.

At decision point 875, if there are more environment conditioncombinations to consider, process 800 continues at block 885. At block885, the next combination of environment conditions are applied to themodel, and process 800 continues at block 815, calculating systemresponse for each combination of control parameters. If at decisionpoint 875 there are no more environment conditions to consider, process800 continues at decision point 890.

At decision point 890, if all time steps from time step N-1 to thecurrent time have not been considered, process 800 continues at block895 to decrement the time step, and then continues at block 810. If atdecision point 890 all time steps from time step N-1 to the current timehave been considered, process 800 ends.

After process 800 is completed, for each time step N-1 to the currenttime, at least MinCost and optimal control parameters are stored foreach combination of environment conditions considered. In someimplementations of process 800, all possible combinations of environmentconditions are considered. In other implementations of process 800, onlya subset of all possible combinations of environment conditions isconsidered.

At the current time, the optimal control parameters determined for thecurrent time are applied. The optimal control parameters for the currenttime are determined based on the predictions up to time horizon N. Ifthe predictions do not change and the actual environment conditionsfollow the predictions, the information calculated for the time steps toN-1 may remain valid. As the predictions change, or if the actualenvironment conditions do not follow the predictions, some of theinformation calculated for time steps within the prediction horizon maybecome invalid and process 800 may be performed again for one or moretime steps.

CONCLUSION

With regard to the processes, systems, methods, heuristics, etc.described herein, it should be understood that, although the steps ofsuch processes, etc. have been described as occurring according to acertain ordered sequence, such processes could be practiced with thedescribed steps performed in an order other than the order describedherein. It further should be understood that certain steps could beperformed simultaneously, that other steps could be added, or thatcertain steps described herein could be omitted. In other words, thedescriptions of processes herein are provided for the purpose ofillustrating certain embodiments, and should in no way be construed soas to limit the claimed invention.

Accordingly, it is to be understood that the above description isintended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments andapplications other than the examples provided would be apparent uponreading the above description. The scope of the invention should bedetermined, not with reference to the above description, but shouldinstead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along withthe full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It isanticipated and intended that future developments will occur in thetechnologies discussed herein, and that the disclosed systems andmethods will be incorporated into such future embodiments. In sum, itshould be understood that the invention is capable of modification andvariation.

All terms used in the claims are intended to be given their broadestreasonable constructions and their ordinary meanings as understood bythose knowledgeable in the technologies described herein unless anexplicit indication to the contrary in made herein. In particular, useof the singular articles such as “a,” “the,” “said,” etc. should be readto recite one or more of the indicated elements unless a claim recitesan explicit limitation to the contrary.

1. A method, comprising: receiving from a prediction mechanism predictedenvironment conditions for a time step N within a prediction horizon N;accessing from a data store information regarding a first set ofexpected system responses generated by a physical system model providedwith a first combination of starting environment conditions, eachexpected system response generated by the model being a response toapplying a different combination of control parameter states to themodel; for time step N-1, for each expected system response in the firstset of expected system responses, accessing a response cost and aresponse trajectory from the information regarding the first set ofexpected system responses; determining an endpoint for the responsetrajectory at time step N, the trajectory starting from time step N-1;determining an error cost for the trajectory related to the differencebetween the environment conditions at the endpoint of the trajectory andthe predicted environment conditions for time step N; and calculating atotal cost for the expected system response by adding the response costand the error cost; and designating the expected system response of thefirst set of expected system responses with minimum total cost as thefirst optimal response for time step N-1, the first optimal responserelated to the first combination of starting environment conditions andthe predicted time step N environment conditions.
 2. The method of claim1, further comprising: storing in the data store information regardingthe first optimal response for time step N-1, including informationregarding the total cost of the first optimal response for time stepN-1, the first combination of starting environment conditions, and thecombination of control parameter states that caused the model togenerate the system response designated as the first optimal responsefor time step N-1.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:accessing from the data store information regarding a second set ofexpected system responses generated by the system model, the model beingprovided with a second combination of starting environment conditions,and each expected system response generated by the model being aresponse to a different combination of control parameter states beingapplied to the model; for time step N-1, for each expected systemresponse in the second set of expected system responses, accessing aresponse cost and a response trajectory from the information regardingthe first set of expected system responses; determining an endpoint forthe response trajectory at time step N, the trajectory starting fromtime step N-1; determining an error cost for the trajectory related tothe difference between the environment conditions at the endpoint of thetrajectory and the predicted environment conditions for time step N; andcalculating a total cost for the expected system response by adding theresponse cost and the error cost; designating the expected systemresponse of the second set of expected system responses with minimumtotal cost as the second optimal response for time step N-1, the secondoptimal response related to the second combination of startingenvironment conditions and the predicted time step N environmentconditions; and storing in the data store information regarding thesecond optimal response for time step N-1, including informationregarding the total cost of the second optimal response for time stepN-1, the second combination of starting environment conditions, and thecombination of control parameter states that caused the model togenerate the system response designated as the second optimal responsefor time step N-1.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:determining a set of M optimal responses for time step N-1, each optimalresponse relating to one combination of starting environment conditions,the set of M optimal responses relating to the predicted environmentconditions at time step N, the set of M optimal responses including thefirst optimal response for time step N-1 and the second optimal responsefor time step N-1.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:receiving from a prediction mechanism predicted environment conditionsfor a time step N-1 within prediction horizon N; for each expectedsystem response in the first set of expected system responses, accessingthe response cost and the response trajectory; determining an endpointfor the response trajectory at time step N-1, the trajectory startingfrom time step N-2; determining an error cost for the trajectory relatedto the difference between the environment conditions at the endpoint ofthe trajectory and the predicted environment conditions for time stepN-1; determining from the set of M optimal responses for time step N-1the combination of starting environment conditions nearest to thetrajectory endpoint environment conditions; accessing the total cost ofthe optimal response for time step N-1 related to the nearestcombination of starting environment conditions; and calculating a totalrecursive cost for the expected system response by adding the responsecost, the error cost, and the total cost of the optimal response fortime step N-1 related to the nearest combination of starting environmentconditions; designating the expected system response of the first set ofexpected system responses with minimum total recursive cost as the firstoptimal response for time step N-2, the first optimal response relatedto the first combination of starting environment conditions and thepredicted time step N environment conditions; and storing in the datastore information regarding the first optimal response for time stepN-2, including information regarding the total recursive cost of thefirst optimal response for time step N-2 and the combination of controlparameter states and starting environment conditions that caused themodel to generate the system response designated as the first optimalresponse for time step N-2.
 6. The method of claim 5, furthercomprising: determining a set of K optimal responses for time step N-2,each optimal response relating to one combination of startingenvironment conditions, the set of K optimal responses relating to thepredicted environment conditions at time step N, the set of K optimalresponses including the first optimal response for time step N-2.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, further comprising: determining a set of optimalresponses for each time step N-3 to the current time step relating topredicted environment conditions of time steps to time horizon N; andapplying to the system the combination of control parameters indicatedby the optimal response for the current time step for the currentenvironment conditions.
 8. The method of claim 1, the system model beinga model of the structure of a vehicle, at least a portion of theresponse cost being fuel consumed, the environment conditions includingspeed, and an expected system response trajectory being acceleration. 9.The method of claim 8, the vehicle being a hybrid vehicle with at leasttwo power sources.
 10. The method of claim 9, the at least two powersources including at least two from a group of power sources includinginternal combustion engine, electric motor, hydraulic motor, and fuelcell.
 11. The method of claim 9, a control parameter being appliedtorque.
 12. The method of claim 8, an endpoint for the responsetrajectory at time step N being an expected speed resulting from theacceleration from time step N-1, and at least a portion of the errorcost being a difference between the expected speed resulting from theacceleration from time step N-1 and the predicted speed for time step Nfrom the prediction mechanism.
 13. A system, comprising: a predictionmechanism predicting environment conditions for time steps within a timehorizon N; a data store including information regarding a first set ofexpected system responses generated by a system model, the model beingprovided with a first combination of starting environment conditions,and each expected system response generated by the model being aresponse to a different combination of control parameter states beingapplied to the model; a computing device determining the expected systemresponse of the first set of expected system responses with a minimumtotal cost as the first optimal response for time step N-1, the firstoptimal response related to the first combination of startingenvironment conditions and predicted environment conditions for timestep N.
 14. The system of claim 13, further comprising: the computingdevice determining a set of M optimal responses for time step N-1, eachoptimal response relating to one combination of starting environmentconditions, the set of M optimal responses relating to the predictedenvironment conditions at time step N, the set of M optimal responsesincluding the first optimal response for time step N-1.
 15. The systemof claim 14, further comprising: the computing device determining a setof optimal responses for each time step N-2 to the current time steprelating to the predicted environment conditions to time horizon N andapplying to the system the combination of control parameters indicatedby the optimal response for the current time step for the currentenvironment conditions.
 16. The system of claim 13, the system modelbeing a model of the structure of a vehicle, at least a portion of theresponse cost being fuel consumed, the environment conditions includingspeed, and an expected system response trajectory being acceleration.17. The system of claim 16, the vehicle being a hybrid vehicle with atleast two power sources.
 18. The method of claim 17, the at least twopower sources including at least two from a group of power sourcesincluding internal combustion engine, electric motor, hydraulic motor,and fuel cell.
 19. The method of claim 17, a control parameter beingapplied torque.
 20. The system of claim 16, an endpoint for the responsetrajectory at time step N being an expected speed resulting from theacceleration from time step N-1, and at least a portion of the errorcost being a difference between the expected speed resulting from theacceleration from time step N-1 and the predicted speed for time step Nfrom the prediction mechanism.
 21. A method, comprising: receiving froma prediction mechanism predicted environment conditions for time stepsup to a time step N within a prediction horizon N; accessing from a datastore information regarding expected system responses generated by asystem model, each expected system response being a response to adifferent combination of control parameters and starting environmentconditions being applied to the model; designating an optimal responsefor each combination of starting environment conditions for each timestep within prediction horizon N from time step N-1 to the current timestep, each optimal response based in part on the expected systemresponse and the predicted environment conditions, each optimal responsein a time step based at least in part on an optimal response determinedfor a later time step; identifying the combination of control parameterscausing the model to generate the system response designated as theoptimal response at the current time step, the starting environmentconditions of the model substantially similar to current environmentconditions; and applying the identified control parameters to thesystem.
 22. The method of claim 21, the system model being a model ofthe structure of a vehicle, and an environment condition being speed.23. The method of claim 22, the vehicle being a hybrid vehicle with aninternal combustion engine and an electric motor, and a controlparameter being applied torque.
 24. The method of claim 22, anenvironment condition being battery state of charge.